What are some tips for designing an effective greenhouse?

Introduction

Greenhouse farming is a modern and efficient method in agriculture that allows farmers to grow plants under controlled conditions. Given the climatic changes and the need for sustainable food production, greenhouses have emerged as a suitable solution to increase production and improve the quality of agricultural products. In this article, we will discuss the key stages and points in setting up a successful greenhouse. These points include selecting the land, obtaining permits, designing and shaping the greenhouse, necessary equipment, irrigation and plant nutrition, and pruning and pesticide application.

Selecting Greenhouse Land

Choosing the right land is one of the key stages in setting up a successful greenhouse. This decision not only affects the costs and efficiency of the greenhouse but also impacts the quality and quantity of the final products.

Factors Affecting Greenhouse Land Selection

Factor	Description
Geographical Location	The land should be in a location with sufficient light, appropriate temperature, and humidity. Assessing wind direction and sunlight exposure throughout the day can help optimize plant growth conditions.
Accessibility	Proximity to water sources and markets is important. Lands close to freshwater sources are more suitable for plant irrigation.
Soil Quality	Soil testing to determine pH, nutrients, and structure is necessary. The soil should have good drainage and moisture retention capabilities.
Climatic Conditions	Reviewing the region’s weather patterns and predicting seasonal changes can help in selecting the most suitable land.
Risk Areas	Identifying risk areas such as floods, storms, or fires can prevent future problems.
Local Regulations	Compliance with environmental and urban regulations is crucial. Reviewing local laws can prevent legal issues.

Obtaining Permits from the Agricultural Jihad

Obtaining permits from the Agricultural Jihad is a necessary stage in setting up a greenhouse. This process ensures compliance with environmental standards, food security, and improving agricultural production. Below, we discuss the key stages and points in this area.

۱. Required Documents

To obtain a permit, applicants must prepare documents that include the following:

• Feasibility Study: This study should include information about the type of product, production plan, target market, and cost and revenue forecasts.
• Executive Plans: Accurate plans of the greenhouse location, capacity, and internal design must be provided.
• Financial Documents: Financial documents that demonstrate the applicant’s investment capability and financial management.

۲. Legal Stages

Obtaining a permit includes the following stages:

• Application Submission: The applicant must submit their request to the relevant regional Agricultural Jihad office.
• Document Review: After receiving the request, the submitted documents are reviewed by experts.
• Site Visit: A team of experts from the Agricultural Jihad visits the proposed site to assess the land and the submitted plan.
• Permit Issuance: If the documents and conditions are approved, the final permit is issued.

۳. Compliance with Local Regulations

Compliance with local laws and regulations is of high importance. These regulations include environmental rules, construction regulations, and land use restrictions. Paying attention to these points can prevent legal and administrative issues in the future.

۴. Consultation with Experts

During the permit process, consulting with experts in agriculture and legal fields can help expedite and facilitate this process. These consultations can include guidance on preparing documents, designing the feasibility study, and familiarity with legal regulations.

Greenhouse Shape and Design

The shape and design of a greenhouse play an important role in its performance and productivity. Choosing the right design based on the type of products, climate, and environmental conditions can help improve the quality and quantity of production.

Types of Greenhouse Designs

Greenhouse Type	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Arched Greenhouse	This type of greenhouse, with its arched shape, absorbs sunlight well.	Optimized light, resistance to wind	High construction cost, need for more maintenance
Tunnel Greenhouse	This greenhouse is designed in a tunnel shape and is usually made of plastic materials.	Low cost, easy installation	Short useful life, sensitivity to weather conditions
Glass Greenhouse	Made of glass, these greenhouses allow more natural light to pass through.	High light efficiency, aesthetic appearance	High cost, need for extensive maintenance
Modern Greenhouses	These greenhouses include advanced technologies for controlling environmental conditions.	Precise control of temperature and humidity, increased productivity	High cost, need for specialized management

Greenhouse Frame and Cover Type

The frame and cover of a greenhouse are essential components that significantly impact light, temperature, humidity, and ultimately, plant growth and production. Below, we discuss the details related to the greenhouse frame and cover.

۱. Greenhouse Frame

The greenhouse frame refers to the main structure, which should be made from durable and suitable materials. The choice of frame type depends on various factors.

• Materials:

  • Metal: Frames made from metal (such as aluminum or steel) are highly durable and resistant. These frames are usually resistant to harsh weather conditions and the pressure of snow and rain.
  • Wood: The use of wood in greenhouse frames remains popular due to its aesthetic appeal and accessibility. However, wood may be susceptible to damage from moisture and pests over time.
  • Plastic: Some greenhouses use plastic frames, which are lightweight and easy to install, but may be less durable compared to metal and wood.

• Design:

  • Arched: An arched design increases resistance to wind and snow and optimally absorbs sunlight.
  • Rectangular: A simple rectangular design is commonly used for large and commercial greenhouses.

۲. Greenhouse Cover

The greenhouse cover refers to the material placed over the frame, playing a crucial role in controlling light, temperature, and humidity. Various types of covers include:

• Glass:

  • Advantages: The high transparency of glass allows more light to enter the greenhouse. Additionally, glass has a long lifespan and good resistance to weather conditions.
  • Disadvantages: High installation and maintenance costs, and fragility against impacts can be drawbacks of glass.

• Plastic (Polyethylene):

  • Advantages: Low cost, easy installation, and lightweight are benefits of plastic covers. This type of cover can be used in multiple layers to increase insulation.
  • Disadvantages: Shorter useful life compared to glass and sensitivity to UV and physical damage are disadvantages.

• Nylon:

  • Advantages: Nylon is a lightweight and inexpensive option that can be used as a greenhouse cover. This type of cover is typically used for temporary greenhouses.
  • Disadvantages: Nylon deteriorates quickly and has a shorter useful life.

• Special Covers:

  • Some greenhouses use UV-resistant covers or thermal insulation materials that can help improve plant growth conditions.

Necessary Equipment for Greenhouses

The equipment in greenhouses is of high importance and significantly affects performance, quality, and quantity of production. This equipment helps farmers create optimal conditions for plant growth. Below, we review the key equipment needed for a successful greenhouse.

۱. Irrigation Systems

Irrigation is one of the fundamental factors in plant growth. Various options for irrigation systems include:

• Drip Irrigation: This system delivers water slowly and directly to the roots of plants, minimizing water usage. It is particularly beneficial for plants sensitive to moisture levels.
• Sprinkler Irrigation: This system sprays water over the plants like rain. It is suitable for large plants and extensive fields.
• Mist Irrigation: This system is used to provide humidity and reduce temperature in hot greenhouses, helping to improve growing conditions.

۲. Temperature and Humidity Control

Maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity is vital for plant growth. Equipment related to temperature and humidity control includes:

• Heating Systems: These systems are used in cold seasons to maintain optimal temperatures in the greenhouse. Options include gas heaters, electric heaters, and hot water systems.
• Cooling Systems: In hot seasons, cooling systems such as water-cooled chillers or industrial fans help control temperature.
• Humidity Control Devices: These devices measure and adjust the humidity inside the greenhouse, which is crucial for preventing plant diseases.

۳. Lighting

Natural light in greenhouses is often insufficient, especially during short days or in areas with low light. Lighting equipment includes:

• Fluorescent Lamps: These lamps provide additional light during short days and consume less energy.
• LED Lamps: These lamps are highly efficient and have a long lifespan, making them a suitable choice for greenhouses. They can also provide different light spectra to optimize plant growth.

۴. Monitoring and Control Equipment

Monitoring the conditions inside the greenhouse is essential for optimal management:

• Temperature and Humidity Sensors: These sensors automatically measure temperature and humidity and report to the control systems.
• Automation Systems: These systems can automatically control temperature, humidity, light, and irrigation, helping to optimize conditions. At Saeian Sanat, we have been able to introduce climate control and automation systems to the market by leveraging the expertise of fifth-generation automation and control systems.

۵. Auxiliary Equipment

In addition to the main equipment, some auxiliary equipment can help improve greenhouse performance:

• Fertilizer Spreaders: These devices are used to evenly distribute fertilizer in the soil or water.
• Ventilation Systems: These systems help improve air circulation in the greenhouse and prevent moisture buildup.
• Water Pumps: Water pumps are necessary to supply water for irrigation and other systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, greenhouse farming, as a modern and efficient solution in agriculture, provides an opportunity to produce high-quality and optimized products under controlled conditions. Choosing the right land, obtaining necessary permits, designing the greenhouse appropriately, and using advanced equipment are key factors for success in this field.

Given the importance of precise environmental management, equipment such as irrigation systems, temperature and humidity control, and lighting play a vital role in increasing productivity and product quality.

By following these guidelines and paying attention to the specific needs of plants, farmers can achieve sustainable and successful production, contributing to food security and economic improvement. The future of greenhouse farming is promising with technological advancements and increasing awareness in this field.